中南财经政法大学成教网：成人英语三级考试基本语法

㈠方法或活动方式,如：

 He walked up and down, lost in thought.

 I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.

 Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.

㈡原因,如：

 Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.

 Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.

㈢时间,如：

 Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.

 Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.

㈣条件,如：

 Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
 Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.

除了直接修饰动词之外,过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语,表示下列四种意思：

⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导,表示“ 时间”,如：

 When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.

 Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.

⒉由 where, wherever 连词引导,表示“地点”,如：

 Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.

 Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.

⒊由 if, unless 引导,表示“条件”,如：

 If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.

 We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.

⒋由 though, although, even though 连词引导,表示“让步 ”,如：

 Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.

 Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.

此外,过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用,具副词作用。如：

 With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.
 Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.

最后,过去分词短语,在适当情况下,可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构（the absolute construction）

The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.（www.hbcjb.com中南财大成教）